The agrarian sector of the economy faces a number of systemic problems such as dependence on natural and climatic factors, insufficient technological equipment, and limited access to financing, which hinder sustainable development and productivity growth. Furthermore, mechanisms for state support and innovation stimulation are not fully developed, leading to decreased competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in domestic and international markets. The aim of this study is to analyze the main economic problems of the agrarian sector, identify their causes, and propose recommendations to improve economic policy and support instruments in the industry. The research employs comparative methods, a systemic approach, and an analysis of the regulatory and legal framework to assess the condition of the agrarian sector, its resource potential, and operational efficiency. The analysis revealed that the key issues in the agro-sector are high dependence on natural factors, a lack of investments and innovations, as well as imperfections in the state regulation system. The introduction of modern technologies, infrastructure development, and the creation of more transparent support mechanisms can enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex. Implementing these measures will contribute to food security, employment growth, and economic development of the regions. The significance of these results lies in enabling a comprehensive approach to the development of the agrarian economy, aimed at increasing its efficiency and adapting to contemporary challenges, which is crucial for the stable socio-economic development of the country.