Main problem: at the current stage of social development, the role of the family is significantly increasing. Family well-being affects both the level of social welfare and the psychological environment in which children are brought up. In psychological studies of family life, special attention is paid to issues of interpersonal relationships, especially between parents and children at preschool age. It is during this period that the development of relations between the child and parents, their connection becomes more important and significant, when there is a restructuring and strengthening of intra-family relations. This is caused not only by age characteristics, but also by modern social processes. The complication of relations between parents and children at preschool age requires special attention to the search for appropriate psychological and pedagogical methods of managing this process. Purpose: substantiation of identification of features of parent-child relationships in complete and incomplete families. Methods: method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, method of transformation of concrete images of objects based on their abstract essence, speculative language of schematic images of thought. Results and their significance: in relation to life and the world of activity, a person's personal potential is manifested in actions in the positions of «individual», «student» and «subject», and the formation of personality begins with the family. Certainty of thinking is given by the use of vectors of movement in the logic of descent from the concrete to the abstract, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, as well as in their combination.