Annotation: Modern society faces an increasing threat from religious and religious-political extremism, which manifests through the radicalization of consciousness, violence, the undermining of secular foundations of the state, and the rise of interfaith tensions. Despite the existence of legal and institutional mechanisms to counter this phenomenon, it remains pressing due to its transnational nature, the ideological adaptability of extremists, and their ability to disguise their actions as religious activity. A particularly critical issue is the clear distinction between religious and religious-political extremism to enable effective prevention and response. To reveal the essence and specifics of religious and religious-political extremism, define their key features, causes, and forms of manifestation, and propose comprehensive approaches to countering this phenomenon by the state, society, and religious organizations. The study employs a systemic, comparative-legal, sociological, and political science approach. It includes the analysis of legal acts, international agreements, expert opinions, and empirical material, including case studies of extremism and countermeasures from various countries. The study establishes that religious-political extremism represents a distinct form of illegitimate political struggle, disguised in religious rhetoric and aimed at dismantling the constitutional order and territorial integrity of the state. It identifies key distinctions between religious and religious-political extremism and highlights the risks of conflating the two in legal practice and public discourse. The paper proposes improvements to legislation, enhanced preventive and educational work, and a stronger role for religious leaders and civil society institutions in combating radicalism

Annotation: Despite the existence of specialized legislation on the protection of personal data in Kazakhstan, including the Law "On Personal Data and Their Protection", law enforcement practice remains underdeveloped and inconsistent. The absence of clear criteria for the legality of data processing, weak regulation of consent requirements, and insufficient public and business awareness lead to widespread violations of privacy rights. Significant issues arise particularly in the processing of data by small and medium-sized businesses, as well as in the interaction of citizens with public and private entities. To analyze the current state of legal regulation and judicial practice in Kazakhstan regarding personal data issues, to identify key gaps and inconsistencies between national legal norms and international standards, particularly the GDPR, and to propose directions for improving law enforcement practices and legislation. The study uses comparative legal, normative legal, empirical (case law analysis), and systematic approaches. A comparative analysis of Kazakhstan's national legislation and European legislation (including the GDPR) is conducted, with a focus on practical cases. It was found that there are no clear requirements in Kazakhstan regarding the form and content of data subject consent, and there is no effective mechanism to inform citizens about the purposes and methods of data processing. Significant discrepancies with international standards were identified, including in the principles of data minimization, purpose limitation, and transparency. The analyzed court cases demonstrate a low level of legal awareness among data controllers and weak implementation of supervisory functions by the authorized bodies. Recommendations are proposed for bringing national legislation in line with international norms, strengthening the institutional role of regulatory authorities, and fostering legal awareness among data subjects.

Annotation: Migration in Kazakhstan is becoming increasingly significant, accompanied by the need for effective legal regulation. The existing normative legal framework covers many aspects of migration; however, challenges remain in ensuring migrants’ rights, social integration, and balancing state interests. The lack of comprehensive and up-to-date regulation creates legal uncertainty and social risks. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of migration regulation in Kazakhstan, focusing on migrants’ rights, mechanisms of social integration, and the role of state migration policy. To identify legislative gaps and propose directions for improvement in accordance with international standards and national interests. The study employs formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic approaches, as well as analysis of international treaties, national legislation, and migration law enforcement practices. It was found that migration regulation in Kazakhstan is represented by a broad normative base, yet problems persist with insufficient protection of migrants’ rights, limited social integration, and weak coordination among government agencies. The important role of state policy, including regional initiatives, was noted in balancing control of migration flows with support for migrants. Recommendations were made to improve the legislative framework, enhance social adaptation measures, and develop comprehensive migration monitoring.

Annotation: The digital transformation of society is accompanied by the active participation of minors in the online environment, which creates new challenges for civil law regulation. Although the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan contains general norms on the legal capacity and competence of minors, these provisions are not adapted to the realities of the digital environment. In particular, issues related to minors concluding electronic transactions, processing their personal data, participation in digital platforms, and liability for online actions remain unresolved. The lack of specific regulation leads to legal uncertainty and risks of violation of children's rights. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of minors in the digital environment in the context of civil legal capacity and competence, identify the main legal conflicts and gaps, and develop proposals for improving the regulatory framework in line with international standards for the protection of children's rights. The study used formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods, as well as a systematic approach. The legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, judicial practice, and international acts, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child and UNICEF recommendations, were analyzed. It was found that the current civil legislation of Kazakhstan does not take into account the specifics of digital legal relations involving minors. There is no clear regulation of the conditions under which minors can perform legally significant digital actions (such as registration on online services, electronic purchases, creation of digital content). Risks of violations related to manipulation of the child's consent for personal data processing were identified. Legislative clarification of the status of minors in the digital environment and recommendations for forming legal culture and digital literacy among children and parents were proposed.