Annotation: Modern enterprises operate under conditions of high uncertainty, where the unpredictability of emerging threats can lead to significant losses, transition into a zone of instability, and bankruptcy. The primary challenge is the necessity to shift from reactive to proactive management, as the negative impact of internal and external environmental factors directly undermines the long-term prospects of business development. To substantiate the importance of timely identification and comparative analysis of economic security threats as a fundamental condition for ensuring the continuous operation and sustainable development of an enterprise in the long term. To achieve the stated objective, the study employs methods of systemic and comparative analysis, tools for financial and strategic forecasting, as well as methods for risk identification and crisis monitoring of the organization's internal and external environments. The study substantiates that the stability of an enterprise in modern conditions directly correlates with the effectiveness of the monitoring system and the ability of management to identify crisis situations at the early stages of their occurrence. It is established that regular comparative analysis of threats and the implementation of forecasting tools not only minimize the risks of serious financial losses and bankruptcy but also create a reliable foundation for long-term strategic planning. The practical significance of the work lies in confirming that high personnel qualification in the field of economic security and the proactive elimination of negative internal and external factors are key determinants for maintaining competitiveness and ensuring the continuous functioning of an organization under conditions of market instability.

Annotation: Despite the significant resource potential of Kazakhstan’s rural territories, their contribution to sustainable economic growth remains limited due to infrastructure deterioration, technological backwardness, declining rural population, and insufficient investment activity. These factors create structural barriers to the development of the agro-industrial complex and exacerbate regional disparities. The study examines the role of rural territories as a determinant of Kazakhstan’s sustainable economic growth, identifies key macroeconomic trends in the agricultural sector for the period 2015– 2024, and outlines effective directions of state support aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of the agricultural economy. The research employs comparative and statistical analysis, graphical modeling, and structural-functional and systems approaches. Aggregated macroeconomic data were used, including indicators of rural population dynamics, investment in the agro-industrial complex, the share of agriculture in GDP, and the contribution of rural territories to the national economy. The findings show that despite the decline in the rural population, the contribution of rural territories to GDP and the share of the agro-industrial complex demonstrate a stable upward trend. This dynamic is associated with rising labor productivity, technological modernization, and increased investment inflows. The analysis confirms that investment serves as a key driver of structural transformation in agriculture, generating a cumulative effect through improved efficiency, development of logistics infrastructure, and the introduction of innovations. Major barriers to rural development were identified, and policy measures aimed at strengthening food security, fostering cooperation, advancing digitalization, and enhancing regional economic resilience were proposed. The results confirm the strategic importance of rural territories in ensuring Kazakhstan’s long-term sustainable economic growth.

Annotation: In the context of the global transition to sustainable development and the «green» transformation of the global economy, Kazakhstan is actively implementing the principles of a green economy aimed at reducing its carbon footprint, rational use of natural resources and improving the environmental efficiency of production. At the same time, such changes are accompanied by profound structural shifts in the labor market, including the redistribution of jobs between traditional carbonintensive sectors and environmentally oriented industries, increasing demands on professional competencies and the emergence of new forms of employment. These processes require a comprehensive adaptation of the employment system, educational infrastructure, retraining programs and social support. In particular, the involvement of vulnerable groups of the population – youth, women, rural populations – in new «green» sectors is of particular importance, which contributes to the expansion of social inclusion and the reduction of territorial and demographic imbalances. Thus, the transformation of the labor market, taking into account environmental, technological and social factors, becomes a key condition for ensuring sustainable economic growth, the formation of an inclusive and adaptive labor market, as well as Kazakhstan's successful transition to a green and sustainable economy model. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the development of the green economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the transformation of the labor market and the processes of social inclusion, as well as to identify key areas for the formation of new jobs and professional competencies in the context of sustainable development. The results and their significance: The study identified key trends in the transformation of Kazakhstan's labor market in the context of the development of a green economy, including the formation of new «green» jobs, changes in employment structure and increasing demands on professional competencies. The role of the green economy as a factor in expanding social inclusion through the involvement of youth, women and other vulnerable groups in new sectors of the economy is substantiated. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of public policies in the field of employment, education and sustainable development, as well as in the adjustment of educational programs and measures to actively support the labor market.

Annotation: The main problem: The purpose of this article is to introduce the research and study discipline of economic psychology in relation to its theoretical development on economic choices and decisions and individual economic behaviour. Objective: Describe the birth and fundamental characteristics of the discipline of Economic Psychology related to economic choices and decisions. In addition, we want to provide arguments on the difficult and complex relationship between economics and psychology because Psychology and economics have very different approaches to the study of the choices and decisions of firms and individuals. Methods: The main method used for the development of this research is both deductive and inductive, i.e. a use of both classical research tools. The line followed is that of analysis made through historical context in which the discipline of economic psychology has developed. The research is based both on the analyses and study of the numerous books and article. Results and their significance: The research is an introduction to the fundamentals of the Economic Psychology.

Annotation: In the context of the digital transformation of sports, there is an increasing need for systematic use of data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to support decision-making at all levels – from individual athlete training to the management of sports infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to justify a conceptual architecture of a digital sports platform based on the integration of data analytics and AI methods and adapted to the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study employs content analysis of scientific and applied publications, a comparative analysis of the functionality of existing foreign and Russian software solutions for sports, as well as an expert assessment of their applicability in the national context. Based on the analysis, a set of requirements for a digital sports platform is formulated, including the integration of heterogeneous data sources, support for different levels of sports training, adaptive AI-driven analytics, scalability and openness of the architecture. A conceptual architecture of the platform is proposed, comprising data sources, data storage and processing, AI-based analytical modules, user services and integration with external information systems, while ensuring information security. The implementation of such a digital platform can enhance the efficiency of the training process, support the development of mass sports and enable more evidence-based sports policy planning in Kazakhstan.

Annotation: The article is devoted to the development of technology for the production of cottage cheese based on goat's milk for functional nutrition. The authors have considered the nutrition structure of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is characterized by a continuing decrease in consumption of the most biologically valuable food products. The authors noted that one of the problems of violation of the nutritional status of the population is associated with a deficiency in the diet of biologically active components, including animal proteins, reaching from 15 % to 20 % of the recommended rational consumption standards. Cottage cheese and cottage cheese products are considered essential food products for all age groups of the population, due to their significant content of high–grade proteins, minerals – calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, sulfur-containing compounds - methionine, lysine, choline and other substances that cause its high nutritional and biological value. The authors argued for the choice of Bifilact PRO starter cultures, Sweet Jam functional ingredients and flavor fillers, and developed a new technology for the production of a curd product based on goat's milk. Pasteurization of dairy raw materials is carried out at t = (71 ± 2) °C, homogenization of milk mixture 10-12 Mpa t = (45 ± 1) °C. Comprehensive studies of the organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological parameters of the new product, as well as safety indicators, have been conducted. The authors have proved that the developed technology for the production of cottage cheese is based on the use of high–quality raw materials - goat's milk, the use of new methods of its processing, and the use of high-tech equipment.

Annotation: The article examines the tactics of the defense attorney’s participation in investigative actions within the criminal procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It analyzes the organizational and legal aspects of the defender’s role, the specifics of interaction with pre-trial investigation bodies, and preparation for procedural actions such as interrogations and confrontations. Special attention is paid to the attorney’s responsibilities in ensuring procedural guarantees for suspects and defendants, documenting violations, monitoring the objectivity of evidence collection, and working with official records. The author highlights that tactical decisions made by the defense attorney significantly influence the fairness and effectiveness of the criminal process. The article concludes that an active and professional defense strategy at the pre-trial stage is essential for safeguarding the constitutional right to legal defense.

Annotation: Comparative Legal Analysis of the Forensic Examination of Explosive Substances, Explosive Devices, and Traces of Their Use Based on the Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation This paper presents a fundamental comparative legal analysis of the theoretical, procedural, and methodological foundations of the forensic examination of explosive substances and explosive devices within the legal systems of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study is based on a detailed examination of criminal legislation, normative resolutions of supreme courts, and departmental instructions of the two states. Particular attention is paid to the divergence of law enforcement practice regarding the qualification of illicit trafficking in improvised explosive devices, the definition of criteria for the «fitness» of objects for explosion, and the delineation of competencies between state and private forensic experts. The paper details the algorithms for appointing and conducting explosive expertise, analyzes typical investigative errors, and proposes ways to unify expert methodologies within the framework of interstate cooperation. The relevance of the study is due to the need to harmonize approaches to combating transnational terrorism and illicit arms trafficking in the Eurasian space.

Annotation: Widespread environmental violations and the insufficient effectiveness of existing legal liability mechanisms pose a threat to sustainable natural resource management in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite legislative reforms in 2021–2025, which introduced stricter fines and requirements for resource users, a balance between fiscal and compensatory functions of liability remains lacking, and collected penalties are often not directed toward environmental restoration. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal liability framework for environmental violations in the Republic of Kazakhstan, assess the effectiveness of current legal mechanisms, and develop recommendations for their improvement in accordance with international environmental safety standards. The study employs formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic methods, as well as analysis of statistical data and judicial practice. Special attention is given to legislative changes in 2021– 2025 and the experience of OECD countries, including the introduction of criminal liability for legal entities. It was established that current legal mechanisms do not fully implement the “polluter pays” principle. Proposed measures to strengthen liability include: introducing criminal liability for legal entities, shifting from purely punitive measures to incentive-based approaches using best available techniques, employing digital monitoring tools to track violations, and legally ensuring that environmental fines are directed to conservation measures. The comprehensive application of these measures will increase the effectiveness of legal liability and improve environmental safety in the country.

Annotation: The growing threats associated with terrorism and the illicit trafficking of explosives and explosive devices necessitate effective legal regulation of forensic expert activity and the development of international cooperation, including within the frameworks of the EAEU and the CSTO. Despite a common historical background in the development of forensic science, the legal systems of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation have developed different approaches to the procedural and institutional regulation of explosive technical examination. These differences are manifested in the models of organization of expert institutions, the degree of normative detail, and the scope of procedural guarantees for the parties, which creates obstacles to the mutual recognition of expert conclusions and the conduct of joint investigations in cases involving the use of explosive devices. To conduct a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the regulatory framework governing the appointment, conduct, and evaluation of explosive technical examination in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, to identify key similarities and differences, and to determine prospects for the harmonization of legal regulation of forensic expert activity. The study employs comparative legal, formal legal, and systemic methods of analysis. The norms of the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, special legislation on forensic expert activity, as well as subordinate regulatory legal acts governing the conduct of explosive technical examination, are analyzed. The study establishes that the Russian model of legal regulation of explosive technical examination is characterized by institutional polycentricity and a framework-based regulatory approach enshrined in the Federal Law “On State Forensic Expert Activity in the Russian Federation,” with the existence of several departmental expert systems (Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service). At the same time, the model of the Republic of Kazakhstan tends toward institutional monocentricity and more detailed normative standardization, including through professional standards in the field of explosive technical examination. Significant differences are also identified in the procedural rights of the defense when appointing an examination, with the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan providing more pronounced adversarial guarantees. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the findings to improve national legislation and to develop mechanisms for harmonizing forensic expert activity within the EAEU and the CSTO.