Annotation: Conflicts of interest in medicine represent a serious and multifaceted issue that affects the quality of medical care and patients' trust in the healthcare system. These conflicts can arise from personal or commercial interests of healthcare professionals, potentially leading to distorted professional decisions and violations of ethical standards. Тhe aim of the research is to explore the psychological aspects of conflicts of interest in medicine and their criminological significance, as well as to analyze their impact on the professional activities of physicians and the legal consequences of such situations. To achieve this goal, qualitative methods of analysis were employed, including a literature review, analysis of scientific and legal publications, and the examination of real cases where conflicts of interest led to legal consequences. The study results show that conflicts of interest in medicine can manifest in both explicit and hidden forms, often remaining unnoticed by healthcare professionals. The influence of financial and corporate interests on decision-making may jeopardize patient health and result in legal consequences, including charges of corruption and fraud. These findings emphasize the importance of developing effective preventive and control measures for conflicts of interest, as well as ensuring the adherence to ethical and legal standards in medical practice. This will help prevent decision-making distortions, guarantee high-quality medical care, and preserve patients' trust in the healthcare system.

Annotation: The main problem addressed in the article is the limited effectiveness of human rights protection mechanisms in Kazakhstan, despite the presence of constitutional guarantees of citizens' rights and freedoms. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides citizens with broad rights, but there is a significant gap between legal guarantees and their actual implementation in practice. The main issues include the insufficient independence of the judiciary, restrictions on freedom of expression, limited access to justice and legal aid for citizens, as well as difficulties faced by human rights organizations. These issues hinder the full realization of citizens' rights and freedoms, creating significant barriers to the functioning of the rule of law. The goal of the article is to analyze the human rights protection mechanisms enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and assess their impact on the protection of citizens' rights. The article aims to identify the main problems faced by citizens when protecting their rights and suggest possible solutions to improve the human rights situation in the country. To achieve the research goal, legal analysis of normative acts was used, including the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other legislative acts regulating citizens' rights and freedoms. Judicial acts, reports of human rights organizations, and statistics related to citizens' appeals to state authorities and human rights structures were also used. The research methodology included comparative analysis and case studies, which allowed a deeper examination of the real problems in the implementation of human rights in Kazakhstan and the proposal of well-grounded solutions to address these issues. The research results showed that, despite the presence of constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms, the real situation with human rights protection mechanisms in Kazakhstan remains problematic. The main problems include the insufficient independence of the judiciary, restrictions on freedom of expression, difficulties in accessing justice and legal aid, as well as administrative barriers for human rights organizations. These factors limit the effective realization of citizens' rights and undermine trust in the judiciary and state authorities. The task of reforming the judicial system, improving the accessibility of legal aid, and creating conditions for the free operation of human rights organizations is of critical importance for enhancing human rights protection, strengthening democracy, and the rule of law, as well as for creating a fairer and more effective human rights protection system in Kazakhstan.

Annotation: The main issue addressed in the article is the question of the applicability of criminal law over time and space. This issue covers several aspects: first, issues related to the retroactive effect of criminal law, its application in retrospect, and the relationship between the principles of legality and justice; second, issues concerning the application of criminal law on the international stage, problems of extradition, human rights, and legal conflicts arising from the interaction of different legal systems in a globalized world. The article also discusses issues related to international cooperation in criminal justice and the application of law to actions committed beyond the borders of one country. The objective of the article is to analyze the main problems of legal regulation regarding the application of criminal law over time and space, as well as to propose possible solutions to these problems. The task of the article is to identify the key problems arising in the application of criminal legislation and propose recommendations for improving the legal mechanisms that ensure fair and effective justice in the context of globalization and changing social relations. To achieve the goal, several methods were used in the research. The main methods were comparative, analytical, and legal. The comparative method allowed for the study of different approaches to regulating the issue of the applicability of criminal law in different countries, revealing differences in national legal systems. The analytical method was used to examine judicial practice and to identify key problems arising from the application of criminal law over time and space. The legal method was used to analyze current legislative norms and international conventions, as well as to assess their effectiveness in the context of legal conflicts and human rights. The research results show that the main problems in the application of criminal law over time are related to the difficulty of balancing the principles of legality and justice, especially in the context of its retroactive effect. Issues concerning the application of criminal law over space are also relevant, particularly in light of the rise in transnational crime and the need for international cooperation. At the same time, the key issues are extradition, human rights, and the protection of citizens in international jurisdictions. Problems of legal conflicts between different legal systems also remain significant, especially in the context of globalization and the mobility of citizens. The significance of these results lies in the fact that they contribute to a deeper understanding of the legal and ethical issues that arise when applying criminal law in modern conditions. Recommendations for improving international cooperation, legal mechanisms for extradition, and the legal protection of the accused can help create a fairer and more effective legal system capable of accounting for changes in social conditions and international realities.

Annotation: In Kazakhstan, there is an increase in crime, which is related to various social, economic, and technological factors. In the face of contemporary challenges, a comprehensive approach to combating crime is required, including the implementation of digital technologies, the tightening of criminal legislation, strengthening international cooperation, and the creation of specialized units to combat cybercrime. Despite the efforts of law enforcement agencies, the effectiveness of the measures taken remains a subject of debate. To study the current measures to combat crime in Kazakhstan, assess their effectiveness, and propose ways to improve law enforcement activities through the implementation of innovative technologies, enhancing international cooperation, and strengthening preventive measures. A comprehensive analysis of literature on crime control issues, judicial practice, crime statistics, as well as the opinions of criminologists and legal scholars, has been conducted. Methods of content analysis, comparative legal analysis, as well as approaches based on the analysis of crime data and legal impact measures, were used. The process of combating crime in Kazakhstan can be classified into several key areas: the digitalization of law enforcement agencies, tightening legislation, international cooperation, and the development of specialized units. The results of the study emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach that combines legal, social, and technological aspects. An important conclusion is the need for further improvement of preventive measures and the development of social programs aimed at reducing crime levels and increasing public trust in law enforcement agencies.

Annotation: The main problem addressed in the article is the limited effectiveness of human rights protection mechanisms in Kazakhstan, despite the presence of constitutional guarantees of citizens' rights and freedoms. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides citizens with broad rights, but there is a significant gap between legal guarantees and their actual implementation in practice. The main issues include the insufficient independence of the judiciary, restrictions on freedom of expression, limited access to justice and legal aid for citizens, as well as difficulties faced by human rights organizations. These issues hinder the full realization of citizens' rights and freedoms, creating significant barriers to the functioning of the rule of law. The goal of the article is to analyze the human rights protection mechanisms enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and assess their impact on the protection of citizens' rights. The article aims to identify the main problems faced by citizens when protecting their rights and suggest possible solutions to improve the human rights situation in the country. To achieve the research goal, legal analysis of normative acts was used, including the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other legislative acts regulating citizens' rights and freedoms. Judicial acts, reports of human rights organizations, and statistics related to citizens' appeals to state authorities and human rights structures were also used. The research methodology included comparative analysis and case studies, which allowed a deeper examination of the real problems in the implementation of human rights in Kazakhstan and the proposal of well-grounded solutions to address these issues. The research results showed that, despite the presence of constitutional guarantees of rights and freedoms, the real situation with human rights protection mechanisms in Kazakhstan remains problematic. The main problems include the insufficient independence of the judiciary, restrictions on freedom of expression, difficulties in accessing justice and legal aid, as well as administrative barriers for human rights organizations. These factors limit the effective realization of citizens' rights and undermine trust in the judiciary and state authorities. The task of reforming the judicial system, improving the accessibility of legal aid, and creating conditions for the free operation of human rights organizations is of critical importance for enhancing human rights protection, strengthening democracy, and the rule of law, as well as for creating a fairer and more effective human rights protection system in Kazakhstan.

Annotation: The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that, being an integral part of the spiritual culture of society, Law and morality are inextricably linked. The history of the development of civilization confirms that the legal system of any state establishes important moral requirements for society. When developing or improving legal norms, the legislator must take into account the state of public moral culture for the fair adoption of laws and public support. The purpose of the research is the theoretical development of a set of criminal law issues related to the definition of the role of morality in the system of objects of criminal law protection, its place in the fight against crime, as well as the development of proposals to improve legislation regulating responsibility for crimes against public morality. The methodological basis of the research is: generally recognized methods of scientific analysis (systematic, comparative legal, formal legal, historical), as well as empirical methods such as statistical analysis, survey, study of documents and printed publications. The basic principles of the theory of criminal law, ethics, philosophy, psychology and logic are applied. It has been established that most crimes are committed intentionally. Examples include engaging in prostitution, bullying, or bullying pets. These crimes are committed for profit or for hooligan motives. The presented proposals are aimed at improving the legal regulation of these issues, which increases the importance of the study.

Annotation: The article examines the causes that lead to crimes violating moral norms, including the issue of prostitution as a social phenomenon that impacts societal moral norms and values. The main focus is on socio-economic, moral-ethical, and physiological factors that contribute to the rise of prostitution and other criminal acts against morality. The goal is to identify the main reasons influencing the growth of crimes against morality, with a focus on prostitution, and to examine the impact of socio-economic and cultural changes on the spread of these phenomena in post-Soviet society. The study utilizes methods such as analyzing sociological research, expert interviews, statistical data, and publications, as well as theoretical approaches to studying social processes and phenomena such as criminology, psychology, and sociology. The results of the study show that socio-economic factors, such as low living standards, unemployment, and social inequality, play a key role in the rise of crimes against morality, including prostitution. The weakening of traditional moral values, as well as the influence of the media and uncontrolled information flows, exacerbate the issue by normalizing deviant behavior and violence. These findings are important for developing effective social and legal measures aimed at reducing crime, preventing moral decay in society, and improving social policy, which, in turn, contributes to enhancing public morality and strengthening law and order.

Annotation: In the modern world, the problems of criminalization and decriminalization remain one of the main aspects of Criminal Policy. The main problem is that criminal legislation should promptly react to changes in society, excluding actions that have lost public danger from the field of crime, and vice versa, be criminalized for new, socially harmful phenomena. To analyze modern trends in the field of criminalization and decriminalization, identify their consequences for law enforcement practice and give recommendations for improving legislation. In the course of the study, an analysis of criminal legal norms was carried out, domestic and foreign practices related to the processes of criminalization and decriminalization were considered in comparison. In addition, data and statistical data were used to assess the effectiveness of Legal Regulation. The study showed that it is important to take into account international experience. Decriminalization policies were positive in some countries and negative in others. For Kazakhstan, this study showed the need to adapt to modern challenges in the reform of criminal legislation, while maintaining national characteristics. The balanced conduct of criminalization and decriminalization not only increases the effectiveness of the law enforcement system, but also contributes to the strengthening of trust between the state and society. When implementing these processes, legislative decisions will have a positive effect only if they take into account public opinion, socio-economic factors and the capabilities of the legal system.

Annotation: The main issue faced by the labor market of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the mismatch between the quality and professional-qualification structure of the workforce and the needs of employers. This leads to a shortage of skilled workers despite the insufficient demand for labor, as well as low labor mobility. In the context of economic transformations and changing employer requirements, it is necessary to effectively regulate labor relations and create conditions for improving workers' legal protection in order to overcome this imbalance and establish an effective system of labor rights protection. The objective of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the functioning of the labor market in Kazakhstan and to identify effective regulatory mechanisms for protecting workers' labor rights. It is also important to study the impact of socio-economic programs aimed at improving the quality of life of the population, maintaining employment, and increasing income on the labor market. To achieve the research objectives, methods such as theoretical analysis of scientific sources and legal acts regulating labor relations in Kazakhstan, empirical study of statistical data and practical cases, comparative analysis of Kazakhstan's labor legislation with international practices, and modeling the impact of socio-economic programs on the labor market and legal protection of workers were used. These methods enabled a comprehensive examination of labor market issues and the identification of effective ways to improve legal regulation and labor rights protection. The study results revealed the need to enhance the interaction between government, private, and educational institutions to improve labor market functioning and workers' legal protection. In particular, it is important to strengthen the system of professional training and retraining of personnel that meet market demands. Additionally, it is necessary to develop labor mobility by improving conditions for retraining and upskilling workers. Special attention is given to the development and improvement of domestic mechanisms for protecting labor rights, including improving legal regulation to increase workers' legal protection from violations such as unlawful dismissal or lack of proper working conditions. The significance of these results lies in their contribution to solving issues related to the mismatch between employers' needs and the qualifications of the workforce, improving employment levels, and enhancing social stability. This also contributes to the better social protection of workers and more equitable income distribution, which directly impacts Kazakhstan's economic stability and development.

Annotation: The main problem: The risk of damage or loss of information in modern information systems requires effective measures to ensure information security, which is especially important for the Republic of Kazakhstan in the face of growing digital threats. Objective: To analyze the legal and organizational measures for information security in Kazakhstan, with a focus on the role of the Ministry of Digital Development in protecting critical information and personal data. Methods: A qualitative analysis of regulatory documents and practices in the field of information security was used, including measures for risk management and threat monitoring. Results and their significance: Key measures for ensuring information security were described, including the establishment of incident response centers and improvements to the legal framework in the field of information security, contributing to the protection of personal data and critical infrastructure in Kazakhstan.