Annotation: The article presents a new approach to the formation of market prices for small businesses and entrepreneurship. The primary sources of the cost theory of price and the labor theory of value are studied. The transformation of the labor theory of value made it possible to determine the optimal price. To propose a pricing mechanism during financial stability and market uncertainty. The study allows assessing the application of pricing policy and strategy, as well as pricing methods. The allocation of socially significant costs into a separate category makes it possible to ensure state control over the formation of regulated state prices and norms. The business community is interested in applying regulated prices both by the state and in practice during periods of uncertainty. The presented formulas and calculations reveal the specifics of price formation under market conditions. By using indicators of inflation and the Central Bank of Russia’s key rate, uncertainty risks are mitigated. The study used general scientific methods, structural and logical analysis. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research consists of works of modern scholars and current legal and regulatory documents. The research results are intended for individual entrepreneurs and organizations in managing price formation under market relations and uncertainty.

Annotation: In today's context of accelerated digitalization and global competition, intellectual property is a key factor in ensuring sustainable economic growth for companies. This article assesses the impact of intellectual property ownership on the economic performance of European companies. Main Problem: the impact of intellectual property use on the economic performance of European companies in the context of global competition and accelerated digitalization. Attention is paid to both large corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises, which form the backbone of the European economy. Objective: To identify the degree to which companies' financial and operational performance depends on their registered intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. Methods: Based on an analysis of statistical data from the European Patent Office and the European Union Intellectual Property Office. The sample included over 119,000 companies from 27 EU countries. Methods of comparative analysis, correlation analysis, and assessment of differences between groups of companies with different levels of engagement in the intellectual property protection system were used. Results and Their Significance: Show that companies with intellectual property rights demonstrate higher levels of economic performance. Revenue per employee in such organizations exceeds that of firms without intellectual property by 41 percent. For small and medium-sized enterprises, this increase reaches 44 percent, and for large companies, 16 percent. Companies with a comprehensive intellectual property portfolio also demonstrate higher employment, productivity, and competitiveness. The study's findings confirm the strategic importance of intellectual property for shaping Europe's innovative economy. Particular attention is paid to the need to actively engage small and medium-sized enterprises in the use of intellectual property protection systems, as well as to improving state and institutional support mechanisms in this area.

Annotation: The purpose of this article is to describe the origins of Possibilist Economics through a brief biographical account of the development of the ideas of Albert Otto Hirschman, the economist who was the founding father of this new branch of economics. The reader is also offered a description of the historical context in which Hirschman worked and developed his ideas. Objective: Describe how Possibilist Economics came about and what the method of Possibilist Economics is. Methods: The main method used for the development of this research is both deductive and inductive, i.e. a use of both classical research tools. The line followed is that of analysis made through the biographical path and historical context in which the economist of Possibilism. The research is based both on the analyses and study of the numerous books and articles written by A.O. Hirschman and on the direct experience of research and work that the authors of this article have carried out with Hirschman himself and with Luca Meldolesi (Italian economist and historian), the latter considered to be Hirschman's greatest collaborator and divulger in the world. Results and their significance: The research is an introduction to the fundamentals of the possibilist economics model

Annotation: Modern society faces an increasing threat from religious and religious-political extremism, which manifests through the radicalization of consciousness, violence, the undermining of secular foundations of the state, and the rise of interfaith tensions. Despite the existence of legal and institutional mechanisms to counter this phenomenon, it remains pressing due to its transnational nature, the ideological adaptability of extremists, and their ability to disguise their actions as religious activity. A particularly critical issue is the clear distinction between religious and religious-political extremism to enable effective prevention and response. To reveal the essence and specifics of religious and religious-political extremism, define their key features, causes, and forms of manifestation, and propose comprehensive approaches to countering this phenomenon by the state, society, and religious organizations. The study employs a systemic, comparative-legal, sociological, and political science approach. It includes the analysis of legal acts, international agreements, expert opinions, and empirical material, including case studies of extremism and countermeasures from various countries. The study establishes that religious-political extremism represents a distinct form of illegitimate political struggle, disguised in religious rhetoric and aimed at dismantling the constitutional order and territorial integrity of the state. It identifies key distinctions between religious and religious-political extremism and highlights the risks of conflating the two in legal practice and public discourse. The paper proposes improvements to legislation, enhanced preventive and educational work, and a stronger role for religious leaders and civil society institutions in combating radicalism

Annotation: Despite the existence of specialized legislation on the protection of personal data in Kazakhstan, including the Law "On Personal Data and Their Protection", law enforcement practice remains underdeveloped and inconsistent. The absence of clear criteria for the legality of data processing, weak regulation of consent requirements, and insufficient public and business awareness lead to widespread violations of privacy rights. Significant issues arise particularly in the processing of data by small and medium-sized businesses, as well as in the interaction of citizens with public and private entities. To analyze the current state of legal regulation and judicial practice in Kazakhstan regarding personal data issues, to identify key gaps and inconsistencies between national legal norms and international standards, particularly the GDPR, and to propose directions for improving law enforcement practices and legislation. The study uses comparative legal, normative legal, empirical (case law analysis), and systematic approaches. A comparative analysis of Kazakhstan's national legislation and European legislation (including the GDPR) is conducted, with a focus on practical cases. It was found that there are no clear requirements in Kazakhstan regarding the form and content of data subject consent, and there is no effective mechanism to inform citizens about the purposes and methods of data processing. Significant discrepancies with international standards were identified, including in the principles of data minimization, purpose limitation, and transparency. The analyzed court cases demonstrate a low level of legal awareness among data controllers and weak implementation of supervisory functions by the authorized bodies. Recommendations are proposed for bringing national legislation in line with international norms, strengthening the institutional role of regulatory authorities, and fostering legal awareness among data subjects.

Annotation: Migration in Kazakhstan is becoming increasingly significant, accompanied by the need for effective legal regulation. The existing normative legal framework covers many aspects of migration; however, challenges remain in ensuring migrants’ rights, social integration, and balancing state interests. The lack of comprehensive and up-to-date regulation creates legal uncertainty and social risks. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of migration regulation in Kazakhstan, focusing on migrants’ rights, mechanisms of social integration, and the role of state migration policy. To identify legislative gaps and propose directions for improvement in accordance with international standards and national interests. The study employs formal-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic approaches, as well as analysis of international treaties, national legislation, and migration law enforcement practices. It was found that migration regulation in Kazakhstan is represented by a broad normative base, yet problems persist with insufficient protection of migrants’ rights, limited social integration, and weak coordination among government agencies. The important role of state policy, including regional initiatives, was noted in balancing control of migration flows with support for migrants. Recommendations were made to improve the legislative framework, enhance social adaptation measures, and develop comprehensive migration monitoring.

Annotation: The digital transformation of society is accompanied by the active participation of minors in the online environment, which creates new challenges for civil law regulation. Although the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan contains general norms on the legal capacity and competence of minors, these provisions are not adapted to the realities of the digital environment. In particular, issues related to minors concluding electronic transactions, processing their personal data, participation in digital platforms, and liability for online actions remain unresolved. The lack of specific regulation leads to legal uncertainty and risks of violation of children's rights. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of minors in the digital environment in the context of civil legal capacity and competence, identify the main legal conflicts and gaps, and develop proposals for improving the regulatory framework in line with international standards for the protection of children's rights. The study used formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods, as well as a systematic approach. The legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, judicial practice, and international acts, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child and UNICEF recommendations, were analyzed. It was found that the current civil legislation of Kazakhstan does not take into account the specifics of digital legal relations involving minors. There is no clear regulation of the conditions under which minors can perform legally significant digital actions (such as registration on online services, electronic purchases, creation of digital content). Risks of violations related to manipulation of the child's consent for personal data processing were identified. Legislative clarification of the status of minors in the digital environment and recommendations for forming legal culture and digital literacy among children and parents were proposed.

Annotation: The research topic is determined by the importance of the family in modern society as the main institution of personality socialization. The family provides a person with a diverse knowledge of the surrounding reality, transmits moral, aesthetic, spiritual values and traditions, on the other hand, an analysis of modern society and the modern family shows that parents do not always know, can and are able to create acceptable conditions for comfortable socialization of the child, which leads to various social problems. To study the peculiarities of the influence of the nature of family relationships on the formation of personal qualities of a child. Theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific literature), empirical (observation, questionnaires, psychodiagnostic techniques, interviews), mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained. The article describes the peculiarities of the influence of family relationships on the personal development of a child in Kazakhstan and is an important topic covering not only scientific research, but also practical guidance for parents and teachers. From ancient times to the present day, researchers, doctors, philosophers and educators have addressed the issues of upbringing and family as the main institution for the formation of a child's personality.

Annotation: In the face of global challenges such as climate change, natural resource depletion, and growing social inequality, universities play a key role in preparing specialists with sustainable development competencies. However, a key challenge remains the lack of standardized tools for assessing these competencies, which reduces the effectiveness of the educational process. Traditional knowledge assessment methods, including tests and exams, do not fully assess students' critical thinking, systems analysis, strategic planning, and interdisciplinary skills. To analyze existing tools for assessing students' sustainable development competencies and to formulate recommendations for their adaptation in higher education. The study utilized a systematic review of scientific literature, comparative analysis, and classification of tools. Particular attention is paid to identifying groups of methods: self-assessment, observation, testing, project assignments, portfolios, and digital technologies. The analysis showed that effective competency assessment is achieved through a combination of various tools, which helps to compensate for the limitations of each. The integrated use of testing, project assignments, and self-assessment was recognized as the most promising. The study's results can be used by universities to improve competency assessment practices and develop a national methodology in the field of education for sustainable development. This will improve the objectivity of the educational process and the quality of training specialists for a sustainable economy.

Annotation: ant transformations. Young families who are at the stage of forming stable interpersonal relationships are particularly vulnerable. Thus, the relevance of the study is determined by the social significance of the issue, the need to strengthen the institution of the family and the development of scientifically based approaches to psychological assistance to young spouses. To identify and characterize the psychological factors and mechanisms contributing to the prevention of interpersonal conflicts in young families. Theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the research problem, questionnaires and surveys to identify the level of conflict and communicative characteristics of spouses; T. Thomas questionnaire, emotional intelligence test (N. Hall), methodology “Diagnosis of the level of communicative tolerance” (V.V. Boyko). The article presents the causes that influence the occurrence of the most typical types of conflicts, which are based on various grounds. Conflicts are divided according to the degree of severity of contradictions, according to the degree of people's involvement in the conflict. Conflicts can also be open and hidden, easily resolvable and intractable, constructive and destructive.